The time and place of formation of a contract comprise significant legal effects under the law of contracts. In case of electronic contracts, the determination of time and place of dispatch and receipt of an electronic message plays a significant role to determine the time and place of formation. The Electronic Commerce Act of Iran provides a number of provisions concerning the formation stage. The modification of the dispatch

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has led to predictions about the decline in the functions of many established professions, including that of the profession of judges. This paper questions whether such technology can substitute judges in deciding legal matters. Artificial intelligence technology assumes there are general patterns that will treat the same way for cases with similar characteristics (similia similibus).

Climate change poses profound threats to the Earth and its people. Its mitigation, therefore, demands common but differentiated actions with comprehensive and coordinated approach. The global community has pledged to mitigate various greenhouse gases in some international soft law instruments. Exploitation of renewables to generate energy

Nanotechnology, often referred to as the next industrial revolution after internet, is an interdisciplinary study with limitless potential. It is claimed that nanotechnology is now at the stage where ICT and use of plastic were in 1960s and biotechnology was in 1980s. Already more than 2000 nano-enabled consumer products are in the market and the ILO predicts that by 2020, twenty percent of the products

Phishing and identity theft is emerging as one of the crimes of the 21st century. It is one of the fastest growing forms of Internet fraud. According to the U.S Federal Bureau of Investigation, phishing has become the hottest, and most troubling, new scam on the Internet. Credible estimates of the direct financial losses due to phishing alone exceed a billion dollars per year.1 Indirect losses are much higher, including customer service expenses, account replacement costs, …

ABSTRACT – Nanotechnology will have a significant impact on food production in a variety of ways, both directly and indirectly. The growth and complexity of nanotechnology in food applications poses new challenges for the existing food regulation as well as the regulatory authority. This article seeks to examine the legal and regulatory challenges posed by the nanotechnology applications in the food industry. This article reviews some of the relevant legislation in the U.S. and E.U.

The EU Electronic Privacy Directive 20021 requires Member States to ensure the confidentiality of communications. In particular, Member States shall prohibit listening, taping, storage or other kinds of interception or surveillance of communications.2 The communications service providers are obligated to delete all traffic data no longer required for the provision of a communications service.3 Yet, …

In the era of the digital revolution, the only constant is change.
Where once we had a personal computer in every household, now we have a smartphone in each of our hands. Where once the Internet was a wilderness explored under the cloak of…

Protection of personal data in recent decades became more crucial affecting by emergence of the new technologies especially computer, internet, information and communications technology. However, Europeans felt this necessity at time and provided for up-to-date and supportive laws….

Health tourism memiliki pasar yang cukup besar yang mencapai hingga US$ 500 milyar per tahun atau sekitar 14% dari Total Global Tourism dengan pertumbuhan sekitar 9,9% per tahun1 . Dalam konteks itu Asia merupakan kawasan yang paling banyak menarik kunjungan Wellness Tourism serta paling banyak dari aspek pengeluarannya…