The Personal Data Protection Act 2010 Malaysia (PDPA) provides the principal legal framework governing personal data protection in Malaysia. Among its enforcement mechanisms, Section 108 empowers the Personal Data Protection Commissioner (“Commissioner”) to issue enforcement notices where a data user is either contravening a provision of the Act or has contravened it in circumstances making further contravention likely…

The Personal Data Protection Act 2010 Malaysia (PDPA) provides the principal legal framework governing personal data protection in Malaysia. Among its enforcement mechanisms, Section 108 empowers the Personal Data Protection Commissioner (“Commissioner”) to issue enforcement notices where a data user is either contravening a provision of the Act or has contravened it in circumstances making further contravention likely…

The US Supreme Court in Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump ruled that IEEPA (International Economic Emergency Powers Act) does not authorize the President to impose unilateral tariffs. Countries that had already signed Agreements…

What has received far less attention — yet carries significant governance implications — is how Standard 9.2, read together with Guideline 9.3, intersects with Section 133 of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA)…

This report presents a comprehensive legal and policy analysis of the Draft Law on Personal Data Protection of the Kingdom of Cambodia. It aims to support the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC) in refining and strengthening the draft to ensure that the final law achieves its intended objectives of safeguarding personal data…

Across Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa, modern data protection regimes increasingly empower regulators to impose direct administrative financial penalties for non-compliance. ASEAN has followed the same trajectory. Regulators are no longer satisfied with guidance, warnings, or post-incident explanations…